Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions

Calculating the concentration of a chemical  solution  is a basic skill all students of chemistry must develop early in their studies. What is concentration? Concentration refers to the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent. We normally think of a solute as a solid that is added to a solvent (e.g., adding table salt to water), but the solute could easily exist in another phase. For example, if we add a small amount of ethanol to water, then the ethanol is the solute, and the water is the solvent. If we add a smaller amount of water to a larger amount of ethanol, then the water could be the solute! How To Calculate Units of Concentration Once you have identified the solute and solvent in a solution, you are ready to determine its concentration. Concentration may be expressed several different ways, using percent composition by mass, volume percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, or normality. Percent Composition by Mass (%)This is the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution (mass of solute plus mass of solvent), multiplied by 100.Example:Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt solution which contains 20 g salt.Solution:20 g NaCl / 100 g solution x 100 20% NaCl solutionVolume Percent (% v/v) Volume percent or volume/volume percent most often is used when preparing solutions of liquids. Volume percent is defined as:v/v % [(volume of solute)/(volume of solution)] x 100%Note that volume percent is relative to the volume of the solution, not the volume of solvent. For example, wine is about 12% v/v ethanol. This means there is 12 ml ethanol for every 100 ml of wine. It is important to realize liquid and gas volumes are not necessarily additive. If you mix 12 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of wine, you will get less than 112 ml of solution.As another example, 70% v/v rubbing alcohol may be prepared by taking 700 ml of isopropyl alcohol and adding su fficient water to obtain 1000 ml of solution (which will not be 300 ml).Mole Fraction (X) This is the number of moles of a compound divided by the total number of moles of all chemical species in the solution. Keep in mind, the sum of all mole fractions in a solution always equals 1.Example:What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution formed when 92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g water? (molecular weight water 18; molecular weight of glycerol 92)Solution:90 g water 90 g x 1 mol / 18 g 5 mol water92 g glycerol 92 g x 1 mol / 92 g 1 mol glyceroltotal mol 5 1 6 molxwater 5 mol / 6 mol 0.833x glycerol 1 mol / 6 mol 0.167Its a good idea to check your math by making sure the mole fractions add up to 1:xwater xglycerol .833 0.167 1.000Molarity (M) Molarity is probably the most commonly used unit of concentration. It is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (not necessarily the same as the volume of solvent!).Example:What is the molarity of a s olution made when water is added to 11 g CaCl2 to make 100 mL of solution? (The molecular weight of CaCl2 110)Solution:11 g CaCl2 / (110 g CaCl2 / mol CaCl2) 0.10 mol CaCl2100 mL x 1 L / 1000 mL 0.10 Lmolarity 0.10 mol / 0.10 Lmolarity 1.0 MMolality (m) Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Because the density of water at 25 °C is about 1 kilogram per liter, molality is approximately equal to molarity for dilute aqueous solutions at this temperature. This is a useful approximation, but remember that it is only an approximation and doesnt apply when the solution is at a different temperature, isnt dilute, or uses a solvent other than water.Example:What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g water? (Molecular weight of NaOH is 40)Solution:10 g NaOH / (40 g NaOH / 1 mol NaOH) 0.25 mol NaOH500 g water x 1 kg / 1000 g 0.50 kg watermolality 0.25 mol / 0.50 kgmolality 0.05 M / kgmolality 0.50 mNormality (N) Normality is equal to the gr am equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent.Example:1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H ions. On the other hand, 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation, since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions.Grams per Liter (g/L)This is a simple method of preparing a solution based on grams of solute per liter of solution.Formality (F)A formal solution is expressed regarding formula weight units per liter of solution.Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)Used for extremely dilute solutions, these units express the ratio of parts of solute per either 1 million parts of the solution or 1 billion parts of a solution.Example:A sample of water is found to contain 2 ppm lead. This means that for every mill ion parts, two of them are lead. So, in a one gram sample of water, two-millionths of a gram would be lead. For aqueous solutions, the density of water is assumed to be 1.00 g/ml for these units of concentration. How To Calculate Dilutions You dilute a solution whenever you add solvent to a solution. Adding solvent results in a solution of lower concentration. You can calculate the concentration of a solution following a dilution by applying this equation: MiVi MfVf where M is molarity, V is volume, and the subscripts i and f refer to the initial and final values. Example:How many milliliters of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to prepare 300 mL of 1.2 M NaOH? Solution:5.5 M x V1 1.2 M x 0.3 LV1 1.2 M x 0.3 L / 5.5 MV1 0.065 LV1 65 mL So, to prepare the 1.2 M NaOH solution, you pour 65 mL of 5.5 M NaOH into your container and add water to get 300 mL final volume

The Controversy Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay - 1548 Words

There is much one can learn about this tragic smear in our history as the United States of America. The Salem Witch Trials have been sensationalized as of late, becoming a popular show, and an event that many movies have been made of. Without doing the proper research, one would think that the trials were more violent than it became. There were no witches burning at the stake, or daily hangings, or drownings, but people of the time were frightened nonetheless. The acts of just a few key people drove a whole town to hysteria, and fear. Throughout the trials over a hundred people were accused of witchcraft, and nineteen people were executed solely based on the claims of others that they were using the Devil’s Magic, many without any evidence The fingers of two little girls, driven by the urging of one powerful man created a butterfly effect that caused a wake of destruction within the walls of Salem. It can be shown through research that the Reverend Samuel Parris was the drivin g force behind the hysteria that the townspeople of Salem were subjected to. The Salem Witch Trials began in the year 1692 and concluded in 1693, in the colony of Salem, Massachusetts. The start of the trials began in the aftermath of King William’s War when refugees were funneled down into Salem creating a strain on the people and the economy in the town. This helped to spread the belief that all of the problems they were facing was the work of the devil. The Reverend Parris used the church of SalemShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy Of The Salem Witch Trials1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem witchcraft hysteria started because of personal jealousies, it targeted those who went against puritan beliefs, and it was an explanation of all the weird things happening. The events which led to the Witch Trials actually occurred in what is now the town of Danvers, then a parish of Salem Town, known as Salem Village. Launching the hysteria was the bizarre, seemingly inexplicable behavior of two young girls; the daughter, Betty, and the niece, Abigail Williams, of the Salem VillageRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pages The Salem Witch Trials have been sensationalized as of late, becoming a highly popular television show, and an event that many movies have been loosely based upon. Without doing the proper research, one would think that the trials were more violent than they became. There were no witches burning at the stake, or daily hangings, or drownings, but people of the time were frightened nonetheless. The acts of just a few key people drove a whole town to hysteria and fear. Throughout the trials over aRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesan outbre ak of hysteria began in Salem, Massachusetts. Beginning with eight young girls accused of being possessed with the devil, marked the beginning of the Salem Witch Trials. The vast majority of those who were accused of witch craft were people who attempted to turn against Puritan teachings, cultural and economic way of life. The hysteria was the effect of the strict teachings of the puritan lifestyle many were no longer following. The Salem witch trials were ultimately a matter to purge theRead MoreRed Scare And The Crucible Comparison Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesRed Scare and The Salem Witch Trials were both events that left a mark in American history. The Red Scare began in 1917 and took place across the United States. The Red Scare was known as the widespread promotion of anti-communism. The Salem Witch Trials began in 1692 and took place in Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witch Trials were various court hearings and prosecutions of people in Salem accused of Witchcraft. Arthu r Miller wrote The Crucible, a play about The Salem Witch Trials, to send a messageRead MoreThe Crucible And Salem Witch Trials Similarities790 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Salem Witch Trials and The McCarthy Era The United States of America is filled with many historic events, enriching its history. Many events that occur are compared to past events in our history. In particular, the McCarthy Era in the 1950’s was compared to the Salem Witch Trials which occurred in 1692. This correlation was first made by Arthur Miller who wrote the play â€Å"The Crucible†. He connected the time period of McCarthy to where there was a hunt for communists, to the Salem Witch TrialsRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials Of 16921061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 In colonial Massachusetts between February of 1692 and May of 1963 over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned for the capital felony of witchcraft. Trials were held in Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town of Essex County of Massachusetts, but accusations of witchcraft occurred in surrounding counties as well. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem Village. Hysteria had swept throughRead MoreThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1366 Words   |  6 PagesWalter Kirn, an American novelist and literary critic, stated that ‘‘Everyone loves a witch hunt as long as it’s someone else’s witch being hunted.’’ (Web. Walter Kirn Quote) Although the Salem Witch Trials took place over 300 years ago, in 1692, and we claim that we have come a long way since then, the truth is we have not. The hysteria that took place during the witch trials occurred because people refused t o take responsibility for their actions. The same thing is happening in modern day AmericaRead MoreSalem Witch Trials975 Words   |  4 Pagespeople of Salem, Massachusetts, however they struggled to do so. Salem faced a major change as a result of the Puritan ambition. Because of their thought on the ideal community as a straitlaced society, those who portrayed an imperfect model were to be isolated. Suspicion flooded the holy Puritan town, and led to accusations of innocent people. After a close analysis, it may be relevant to look at the Puritan belief system as a possible catalyst for the events that occurred during the Salem witch trialsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The witch trials of the late 1600s were full of controversy and uncertainty. The Puritan town of Salem was home to most of these trials, and became the center of much attention in 1692. More than a hundred innocent people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during these times, and our American government forced over a dozen to pay with their lives. The main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economicsRead MoreSuperstition, Panic, And Rumor1042 Words   |  5 Pagesspurred by religious zeal. While the actual trials may have only lasted for less than a year, Salem was indeed previously entrapped in a dangerous illusion of their own making for decades. Such as the nature of superstition and rumor, they curate an atmosphere of distrust, breeding paranoia because they are puzzles waiting to be fully realized. If they are not, then the paranoia only festers into madness and panic—growing anxiety. The divided colon y of Salem devolves into a dramatic opera of fabrications

Mac Flecknoe - 1091 Words

Sashanka S. Das, 4028, B.A. (H), English, IInd year Q. Write on John Dryden’s ‘Mac Flecknoe’ as a satire. A. John Dryden’s Mac Flecknoe, as part of his corpus of satirical verse, is a short piece, and not as overtly political as, say, Absalom and Achitophel. It does aim to censure through indirect ridicule rather than direct condemnation, but, being a censorious poem directed specifically at an individual subject, Dryden’s literary rival Thomas Shadwell, it seems more a lampoon, as defined in Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary, than a proper, high satire. The object of this essay will be, therefore, to locate Mac Flecknoe, in the tradition of late 17th-century satire. Mac Flecknoe revolves around the succession of Richard†¦show more content†¦Michael Seidel calls this assertion that â€Å"bad art is bad succession† the greatest satirical strength of Mac Flecknoe. The subtitle of the poem, which calls Shadwell a â€Å"True-Blew Protestant Poet†, introduces the issue of Protestant-Catholic tensions, and through association, makes radical Protest antism â€Å"a code for vulgar art†. The three main issues that Mac Flecknoe deals with are thus established to be literature, politics and religion. Dryden had idealized a satiric structure of one main argument, with others complementing it, in his Discourse Concerning the Origin and Progress of Satire, and so he makes Shadwell’s literary character the foremost concern of Mac Flecknoe, with the other two underlying it. The chosen idiom for its mockery is that of the mock-heroic; the familiar panegyric use of the heroic style is turned to satiric purposes. From the sententious opening couplet onward, the mock-heroic conception of the poem is clear. Dryden goes about â€Å"comparing small men to giants† – Flecknoe is compared to Augustus Caesar, John the Baptist and the prophet Elijah, and Shadwell to Arion, Ascanius, Romulus, Elisha and even Christ. These, and other instances of dignified, laudatory imagery, are used in the most undignified contexts, and as praises of the most unflattering characteristics. The use of the heroic couplet is central to this: its structure allows the sharp, ironical comparison of the solemn and theShow MoreRelatedImagery in Mac Flecknoe787 Words   |  4 PagesThe title of Dryden’s poem Mac Flecknoe initiates the theme of familiar succession thus presenting many father/son or successor pairs. The poem begins with a mock sentential in the ponderous, aphoristic manner of a heroic poetry, gradually unveils the pathetic monarch of â€Å"Nonsense Absolute†. The first four lines which open the poem are in the high style with a delicate Horatian irony controlling the mock heroic inversions of terms. In the opening twenty lines of the poem Dryden introduces the readersRead MoreMac Flecknoe as a Satire2412 Words   |  10 PagesWritten about 1678 and   published in 1682 Mac Flecknoe  (full title:  Mac Flecknoe; or, A satyr upon the True-Blew-Protestant Poet, T.S.[1]) is a verse  mock-hero ic  satire  written by  John Dryden. It is a direct attack on  Thomas Shadwell, another prominent poet of the time. As an English poet, John Dryden is classified as classic writer. When compared to romantic verses, Dryden’s poems, found lacking that love of nature. His verses are commonly simple. He loved to apply intellectual approach. BrowerRead More Similar Attitudes Toward Machinery, Language, and Substance in Wordsworth, Pope and Dryden1262 Words   |  6 PagesWordsworth, Pope and Dryden William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Preface to Lyrical Ballads† is from the Romantic Period of British literature, while Alexander Pope’s â€Å"The Rape of the Lock† and John Dryden’s â€Å"Mac Flecknoe† are both from the Neoclassical Period; â€Å"The Rape of the Lock† is from the Augustan Age, while â€Å"Mac Flecknoe† is from the Restoration (â€Å"Literary†). Despite these discrepancies in the time periods that their respective works were produced, however, Wordsworth, Pope, and Dryden express similar attitudesRead MoreThe Changing Face of Love in English Literature1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthe writings. The works of this time seem to center themselves upon more academic subjects. While Swift is very concerned with politics and social class, other authors are analyzing and satirizing the works of other authors, as Dryden does in â€Å"Mac Flecknoe† and as Pope accomplishes in â€Å"The Rape of the Lock† in whic h he satires the epic poem. The writers of this era have begun to write about writing and many of their works are nonfiction pieces. Unlike their predecessors, who created characters andRead MoreThe Age Of Dryden By Charles Dryden1323 Words   |  6 Pagesof others. Yet picking up a hint here reading between the lines there one can see what the temperament was that made this passion the thing by which he lived (dobree 289) Dryden s greatest achievements were in satiric verse: the mock-heroic Mac Flecknoe, a more personal product of his Laureate years, was a lampoon circulated in manuscript and an attack on the playwright Thomas Shadwell. Dryden s main goal in the work is to satirize Shadwell, ostensibly for his offenses against literature but

Value of Shareholders in Australian Institute of Company Directors

Question: Discuss asbout the Value of Shareholders in Australian Institute of Company Directors. Answer: Introduction: The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) is a non-profit organization that is intended for directors. It is a founding member of the Global Network of Director Institutes (GNDI). AICD is said to have a business unit, which is international and includes seven divisions that are state level. The board of directors also includes national directors, divisional representatives, CEO, and MD. The AICD is said to provide excellent governance education and development for director role and advocacy thereby making a positive impact on the economy and society. This report discusses about the board of directors of AICD. The directors associated with this institute consider the shareholders more than they consider their stakeholders and thus this report will reference that fact by providing certain examples and explanations for implementing that idea. Discussion: Description of the organization: The AICD is a non-profit organization intended for directors. The origins of AICD track its course to the Institute of Director (IOD) in United Kingdom, which was formed in 1906 by the Royal Charter. AICD is said to have a business unit, which is international and includes seven divisions that are state level. The board of directors also includes national directors, divisional representatives, CEO, and MD (Ali, Ng Kulik, 2014). AICD members are based on six categories depending on their professional network, events and personal development. These categories include the affiliate, member, graduate member, and fellow, life fellow and international. The national organization AICD has seven territory and state divisions. The governing body of AICD is made up of 12 directors. The national office is in Sydney, Australia. It is made to deliver detailed courses and events. It also develops director issue policies and is responsible for publishing magazines on Company Directors and practice books. The office is also used to represent the views of the members nationally. Stakeholders: Stakeholders are individuals who show an interest in the activities of the company. They can be directly affected or affect the company. The basic stakeholders are the investors, employees and customers of the company (Torres et al., 2012). The modern theory also includes the community, trade activities and the government as the additional stakeholders. Stakeholders are either internal or external depending on their relationship with the company. If they are directly related to the company, which includes employment or investment, then they are internal stakeholders. If the stakeholders are not directly connected to the company, then they are called external stakeholders. They are the customers and the community. Shareholders: Shareholders are any individual, other company or institution that owns a minimum of one share of the company. As they are directly related to the stocks of the company, they will enjoy the benefit of increasing stock value during the good performance of the company (Kieschnick, Laplante Moussawi, 2013). In case the company performs poorly, the loss will also be shared with the shareholders. Shareholder rights allow them to inspect the records of the company and sue them during any misdeed recorded. They will also get a right to vote in case of any corporate policies. Perspective: In a market economy based country, organizations and companies work to get economic profitability. Though many people think that a company must have social responsibilities, responsibility and profitability should be combined for the success of the company. The shareholder perspective aims to think only about economic profitability (Gifford, 2012). They only think about the company as an instrument to generate profit. The success of the company is defined by share price, dividends and profit. They believe that companies should not focus on their social responsibilities but only focus on the means to generate profits. Thus, by pursuing the self-interests and by maintaining the relationship between the company and the stakeholders, targeting to shareholders need will help in maximizing the societal benefits. On the other hand, stakeholder perspective is aimed towards responsibility over profitability and aims to serve all parties equally (Fleischmann Stary, 2012). Stakeholder manageme nt is not instrumental but is normative which means that stakeholders do not see the company as a source of income but as a method to get shared benefits. By maintaining high level of trust among all parties, aiming the interests of all stakeholders equally can result in maximum societal health. Jack Welch once criticized that the shareholder interest model is a very dumb idea to be accepted by a firm (Chabrak, 2014). He believed that the employees, products and the customers who together form the stakeholders are most important in terms of priority than the shareholders. However, it is seen that to strive in the market, the capital gains of the company are the major driving force that will benefit the company more than the societal helps of the stakeholders. The interests other stakeholders get their rights from these organizations where the needs of the shareholders are also aligned. Thus, the interests of the stakeholders are reflected by the interests of the shareholders. The suppliers and the vendors are also considered in a same way. Any changes in the product cost that will reduce the cost incurred by the company will also be reflected by the vendors as well. The interests of the consumers or buyers are also taken into account, as they are the ultimate potential profit makers that help to grow the company (Hui, Klasa Yeung, 2012). The reputation of the company also helps to make a good relation while poor performance is reflected by affecting the relationship it makes. For example, the management of a professional sports team is relevant to the fan of that team. The teams are definitely indulged in making higher profits for themselves and to making strong relationship with their fans (Ksenne, 2014). This is the reason why they care about their fans who would buy their merchandises by making them more customer centered. In a similar way, they also think about their fans by broadcasting their matches in the television and radio so that their fans will enjoy the matches. These fans are the stakeholders who do not have a direct decision-making power on the team but will have reflected desires by the decisions made by the team. Disadvantages of stakeholder perspectives: Thus, it can be seen as the stakeholder rights precedes the shareholder rights where the decisions are imposed over the decision of the owner. In case of any violation of the shareholder policies, stakeholders often turn to aggression or violence to claim their rights (Jones Harris, 2012). The claims of the stakeholders beyond necessary are termed as Ex Post. They wait for the proposition of a valuable policy by the shareholder and then try to leverage themselves to that policy even if they had no contribution for that policy. The claims of the stakeholders are one-sided. These asymmetrical claims makes the stakeholders claim their rights of decision making over the owners or the leaders. However, in theories it can also be stated that the company will have equal decision-making rights over the stakeholders. The stakeholder approach also decreases the profitability of the evaluation of the managers (Erman, 2012). In places of submitting works that enhances and protects the shareholder rights, the managers often work by siding with the stakeholders to protect their rights. This unjust way of working not only allows the managers to survive in the business inefficiently but also makes them to see themselves as business representatives or philanthropists. By considering both the approaches of the policyholders, the approaches seem to have several flaws to make it less persuasive. For the shareholder perspective, it is not true to state the fact they are the only person to claim the rights in a company, especially during good performance. They are not the sole reason of success made by the company by providing capital investment, the employees and suppliers have suffered for every performances of the company. For the stakeholder approach, the main problem lies with power balancing during conflicts. The stakeholders often consider the company responsible for any policies implemented and this is the sole reason for not getting acceptance by the company. Separate legal entity: A separate legal entity is an individual with unattached accountability. A business can be run as a separate legal entity to separate it from its owner. If a business exists as a separate legal entity, then they will enjoy their rights as an individual (Chaddad, 2012). This means that they will be able to get ownership or sue rightfully. This doctrine came into light with Salomon v Salomon (1897). Many executives all over the world believe that a company needs to accept the shareholder rights above all. A research made on the boards duty to accept shareholder perspective is rejected in many countries. Working as a separate legal entity, the main objectives is to survive and to thrive. Shareholders are said to be the outcome of a decision and not the objective. While shareholders invest large capital in the company, they are just a part of the whole audience of the company involved in business (Napoli, 2012). The audiences mainly include the stakeholders that may range from financial like bondholders to non-financial like employees, suppliers and customers. During times of financial crisis and limited resources, the directors of the company must take actions, which take into consideration the outcomes affecting these audiences. Duties of an organization: In some countries like the United States, the duty of the director to separate corporate persons is equal to the shareholder duty. In some countries like the Brazil, the duty includes the obligations to stakeholders who are non-financial (Burke, 2017). The board of a company has many obligations to their audiences and thus it is required for a companys board issue the Statement (Statement of Significant Audiences and Materiality) annually regarding their perceived audiences. These include those who are relevant as well as those who are not relevant to the board. These audiences may include employees, shareholders, bondholders and organizations representing the society. The Statement allows the board to think of their material issues and its addressing to the intended audiences over a period. The benefits are intended for corporate reports in material issues (Eccles, Youmans, 2016). For example, if a company decides that the most significant audience are the short-term shareholders, then the material issues are only those issues that addresses the short term results. The developing need to make a statement to know the financial and non-financial aspects made many companies adapt to these needs by making Statements. For example, the management board of Aegon, a Dutch insurance company, is the first one to complete the Statement (Strau, Vliegenthart Verhoeven, 2016). It includes several aspects including the financial and non-financial ones and its impact on various stakeholders. Their Statement made the role of the company clear in the society concerned and made the stakeholders realize their role in the company. Advantages of having shareholders: The most important advantages for a company to have shareholders are the gaining of capital investment. Companies need capital investments to do business properly. Small companies who need regular equity investments require the presence of shareholders. The shareholders are likely to take risks regarding certain investments that bank or bondholders will not (Kieschnick, Laplante Moussawi, 2013). For a public traded organization, capital requirement is not always met by shareholders but the liquidity provided in the market. Although, the presence of buy and sell share marketers is a good thing to get funds, the most can be made by short-term investors. The shareholders are also occupied in providing information to the directors of the company regarding the stock market (Collier, 2015). Shareholders who are too involved in the market about the prices provide adequate data that will help them to get results by implementing them. However, the price of the stock in the market does not always remain constant and there comes a time where intended price of the stock becomes different. For example, there is evidence that a group of companies whose stock prices dropped suddenly in the market after the naming of a new CEO. Recommendations: The Enlightened Shareholder Value (ESV) is a concept that is followed by a company that is based on siding with the shareholder perspective and devoting themselves to the success of the company (Keay, 2012). This approach has been successfully implemented by many companies across the globe. The ESV approach was adopted in the Companies Act (2006) after the inclusion in the Company Law Reform Bill in 2005. In the section 172(1), it is clearly stated that the companies need to act in a way to interest the ways of the shareholders. Thus, it can be said that the ESV approach provides societal benefits to a company as the company implementing this approach is also considering the ways of giving success to other groups called shareholders. The company also is considered to make effective corporate decisions. Thus, the ESV approach is said to combine the shareholder perspective with the stakeholder theories. Conclusion: The control of shareholders on corporations is followed by accepting the private property rights and by living up to the contractual requirements. The firms or corporations need to live up to their contractual requirements to the shareholders as well as the customers, employees and suppliers, which will help in benefitting of all of them. An organization must think about those resources that are the most influential in their business. The most important resources may be the stakeholders or shareholders, which can be determined by adopting various approaches. Considering all of the above points mentioned in the report, it is not possible to determine the most important aspect in an organization. Stakeholders are obviously the most import part in the company at certain times but it does not mean that they will be important every time. However, the shareholders are definitely the right choice as the company gets their main reasons of success through funding from them, which helps them to grow their business and get new stakeholders. References: Ali, M., Ng, Y. L., Kulik, C. T. (2014). Board age and gender diversity: A test of competing linear and curvilinear predictions.Journal of Business Ethics,125(3), 497-512. Burke, W. W. (2017).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Chabrak, N. (2014). The shareholder value mythology and the market communion.Law and Financial Markets Review,8(1), 27-38. Chaddad, F. (2012). Advancing the theory of the cooperative organization: the cooperative as a true hybrid.Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics,83(4), 445-461. Collier, P. M. (2015).Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Eccles, R. G., Youmans, T. (2016). Materiality in Corporate Governance: The Statement of Significant Audiences and Materiality.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,28(2), 39-46. Erman, E. (2012). Unsettling Stakeholders: Deliberative Governance and Problems of Democratic Agency.European Journal of International Relations, 1354066111426622. Fleischmann, A., Stary, C. (2012). Whom to talk to? A stakeholder perspective on business process development.Universal Access in the Information Society,11(2), 125-150. Gifford, J. (2012). Effective shareholder engagement: The factors that contribute to shareholder salience. InThe next generation of responsible investing(pp. 83-106). Springer Netherlands. Hui, K. W., Klasa, S., Yeung, P. E. (2012). Corporate suppliers and customers and accounting conservatism.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), 115-135. Jones, F., Harris, S. (2012). Benefits and drawbacks of using multiple instructors to teach single courses.College Teaching,60(4), 132-139. Keay, A. (2012).The enlightened shareholder value principle and corporate governance. Routledge. Ksenne, S. (2014).The Economic Theory of Professional Team Sports: An Analytical Treatment _. Edward Elgar Publishing. Kieschnick, R., Laplante, M., Moussawi, R. (2013). Working capital management and shareholders wealth.Review of Finance,17(5), 1827-1852. Kieschnick, R., Laplante, M., Moussawi, R. (2013). Working capital management and shareholders wealth.Review of Finance,17(5), 1827-1852. Napoli, P. M. (2012).Audience economics: Media institutions and the audience marketplace. Columbia University Press. Strau, N., Vliegenthart, R., Verhoeven, P. (2016). Lagging behind? Emotions in newspaper articles and stock market prices in the Netherlands.Public Relations Review,42(4), 548-555. Torres, A., Bijmolt, T. H., Trib, J. A., Verhoef, P. (2012). Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(1), 13-24.